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Effectiveness of warm acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a retrospective study on clinical and molecular outcomes.

Frontiers in medicine·February 2026·Jie Zhou, Kun Li, Yun Yang et al.
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Key Finding

Warm acupuncture with moxibustion significantly improved pain, function, and inflammatory markers in osteoarthritis patients while normalizing connexin protein expression to levels comparable with healthy controls.

What This Means For You

Researchers examined whether warm acupuncture combined with moxibustion could help people with osteoarthritis, a common condition that causes painful, stiff joints, especially in older adults. The study reviewed medical records from 46 osteoarthritis patients who received this treatment between 2022 and 2024, comparing them with 46 healthy individuals of similar age and sex.

Patients received warm acupuncture with moxibustion at specific points on the leg and knee, including Dubi (ST35), Zusanli (ST36), Yinlingquan (SP9), Yanglingquan (GB34), and Heding. Treatment sessions occurred three times weekly for eight weeks, following a standardized protocol.

The results were encouraging. After treatment, patients reported significantly less pain and better knee function. Their pain scores decreased while their ability to perform daily activities improved. Laboratory tests showed reduced inflammation throughout the body, with lower levels of inflammatory chemicals that contribute to joint damage. The treatment also improved markers of bone health and normalized the expression of proteins called connexins, which help cells communicate with each other.

These molecular changes suggest that warm acupuncture with moxibustion may work at a cellular level, not just masking symptoms but potentially addressing underlying disease processes. The combination appeared to reduce joint inflammation and support healthier bone metabolism. For patients with osteoarthritis seeking alternatives or complements to conventional treatment, this approach showed measurable benefits in pain reduction, function improvement, and inflammatory markers. If you're considering acupuncture for osteoarthritis, seek treatment from a licensed acupuncturist trained in traditional Chinese medicine techniques.

Clinical Notes for Practitioners

This retrospective cohort study (n=46 OA patients, n=46 controls) evaluated warm acupuncture with moxibustion for knee osteoarthritis over 8 weeks (3x/week). The standardized protocol targeted ST35, ST36, SP9, GB34, and Heding (EX-LE2). Clinical outcomes showed statistically significant improvements: increased Lysholm knee scores and decreased VAS and WOMAC scores (P<0.05). Biomarker analysis revealed reduced inflammatory mediators (MMP-1, MMP-3, PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α) and improved bone metabolism markers (increased OPG and BGP) post-treatment (P<0.05). Notably, connexin expression patterns normalized, with decreased Cx26 and increased Cx43 and Cx45 expression, reaching levels comparable to healthy controls (P>0.05). These molecular findings suggest the intervention may modulate gap junction intercellular communication pathways involved in OA pathophysiology. The study provides preliminary evidence for both symptomatic relief and potential disease-modifying effects, though the retrospective design and lack of control group limit causal inference. The standardized protocol supports clinical replicability.

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